In Bosnia, Special Forces personnel were threatened by a heavily armed mob. 1994)., the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals recognized this principle but added that collisions between automobiles and motorcycles frequently lead to the death of the motorcyclist, and therefore a presumption that unlawful deadly force was used in such intentional collisions is more appropriate. Broadly speaking, the use of force by an officer becomes necessary and is permitted under specific circumstances, such as in self-defense or in defense of another individual or group. 14-51.3. Legal counsel to the Chairman discusses the recommended course of action with DoD general counsel and the legal adviser, Department of State, to determine whether a report to Congress consistent with the War Powers Resolution might be necessary.13. Thus, our statutory standards for using deadly force seem to parallel the federal constitutional This is wrong. 9'M8gc+$8:8\:488@H(~H JB RE+D0z34.6pL H; mVH20HZ2Bm ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Active aggressor a person who does not follow verbal commands, resists attempts by the officer to take positive physical control over them and attempts to cause harm to the officer or others. Soft Control, PPCT Pressure Point Control Tactics, Control Tactics, techniques a level of force that has a low probability of causing soft connective tissue damage or bone fractures. Causes of police behavior revisited. At the American-British-Canadian-Australian Army meeting at Sandhurst in May 2000, the United States was berated constantly for its "ninja turtle" (heavily armed and armored, cowering within its shell) approach to peace-support operations by senior British officers, who suggested that U.S. forces were ineffective as a result of leadership timidity. The investigation develops evidence regarding the use of deadly physical force for a particular state or jurisdiction. An investigation may be performed by a local or state police agency and also a civilian agency, such as a county prosecutor or State Attorney General. Congressional Record (6 June 1975), pp. CashAccountsReceivableSuppliesPrepaidInsuranceEquipmentAccumulatedDepreciation-EquipmentAutomobilesAccumulatedDepreciation-AutomobilesAccountsPayableSalariesPayableUnearnedServiceFeesSeciliaTimken,CapitalSeciliaTimken,DrawingServiceFeesEarnedSalaryExpenseRentExpenseSuppliesExpenseDepreciationExpense-EquipmentDepreciationExpense-AutomobilesUtilitiesExpenseTaxesExpenseInsuranceExpenseMiscellaneousExpenseDebit38,250109,50011,25014,250360,450360,45075,000516,90054,00012,9008,1759,8251,320,000Credit94,50054,75024,93018,000394,020733,8001,320,000Debit38,250109,5003,5002,700360,450360,45075,000524,40054,0007,75012,5002,75013,9708,17511,5509,8251,343,820Credit107,00057,50026,0007,5006,000394,020745,8001,343,820. The combatant commander asks that the briefing be forwarded to him so he can pass it to higher authority.11. Once it is approved, the G-3 makes the presentation to the division commander. The presence of a firearm makes any incidence of violence into a potentially lethal encounter, whether inside our residences or places of business and especially in public spaces. For example, some commanders rely on restrictive ROEs to avoid negligent discharge of firearms. Major Fair's performance of duty was regarded by her superiors as exceptional. Congressional Record (6 June 1975), pp. . The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) adopted the Worldwide Peacetime Rules of Engagement for Seaborne Forces in 1981, their primary purpose being to protect carrier battle groups from a preemptive strike by the Soviet Navy.During his tenure as Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Pacific Command, Admiral William J. Crowe Jr. directed that the Joint Chiefs' ROEs apply to all Pacific Fleet forces, including ground forces. The officers are trained to apply the proper measure of force within the continuum based on the actions and classification of the subject.[15]. As they began to run, the senior soldier was struck in the back by a club. 3.3. Captain Frank 'Marty' Theer, US Air Force, was murdered on December 17, 2000 in Fayetteville, North Carolina. When deadly force has been specifically authorized by the Heads of the DoD Components and reasonably appears to be necessary to prevent the escape of a prisoner, provided law enforcement or . The platoon leader calls the company commander, who calls the battalion commander, who calls the brigade commander.4. But national-level policy and supervision of peace-support operations have resulted in micromanagement for ground forces far worse than at any time during the Vietnam War. The army's seizure of power was met with massive public opposition which was quashed by security forces with deadly force and has since turned into widespread armed resistance. endstream endobj startxref of deadlyforce use training scenariosand scenariodisplaythe of ability forceanddeadlyforce tousetheappropriateamountofforce in defend theforceusedtoago/nogostandard ew ForceistheamountofeffortrequiredbyaDefendertocompelcomplianceorovercome resistancetoprotectlifeorpropertybyanon-compliantsubject The U.S. Supreme Court has made it clear that a law enforcement officer is not required to select the least intrusive alternative, only a reasonable one.6 The level of force continuum when used for ROEs incorrectly infers an obligation to exhaust all other means before resorting to deadly force, even when deadly force is warranted.In the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark, a sword-wielding assailant threatens hero Indiana Jones. On 28 February 1993, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms agents launched a raid on the Mount Carmel Center, near Waco, Texas. After considering various options, the Chairman confers with the Secretary of Defense, who instructs the Chairman to prepare a briefing for the National Security Council (NSC). Subsequently, as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, he saw to their application to all forces in the renamed JCS Peacetime Rules of Engagement, adopted 26 June 1986.General self-defense principles apply to all forces at the major unit or higher level, but applying ROEs written for blue-water naval operations to ground forces at all levels for all missions, or to a U.S. Navy ship in port, is forcing a square peg into a round hole. %PDF-1.6 % It's a function of many factors, including distance, time, barriers (ie, a door, wall, car between you); and . NAVINTEL teams must move beyond the capability side of the Deadly Force Triangle (capability, opportunity, intent) to holistically consider adversary plans, intentions, culture, and societal impacts that . 7 justifications of deadly force 1. self defense and defense of others 2. assets involving national security 3. assets not involving national security, but inherently dangerous 4. arrest or apprehension 5. serious offenses against others 6. preventing escape 7. protect public health or safety Deadly Force triangle 1. Deadly Force. S17551-17558, at 17558. T. MCMICHAEL: -- weapon and opportunity. 0 The wedge formation is a very old and very effective formation when employed correctly. Two of the soldiers were so severely injured they were discharged with medical disabilities. The percentage increases markedly when one includes weapons taken from an officer's partner. The U.S. military still has about 900 forces working out of small bases in Syria, including one in the south of the country that has repeatedly been targeted by drones and rockets launched by Iran . In a 1986 FBI gunfight, one assailant received a wound described by the medical examiner as "probably nonsurvivable" in the opening seconds. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. l. All military and civilian personnel of the Navy and Marine Corps authorized under this instruction to carry firearms must receive annual firearms safety instruction, weapons qualification, sustainment training, and instruction regarding the use of deadly force required by references (a) through (e), as appropriate. Measuring the amount of force used by and against the police in six jurisdictions. . Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000, United States. 543 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1F11FE260ACA7A4281EADCEAEC348BBA><7689061C522F2B4AA6BC5260164AB33B>]/Index[525 32]/Info 524 0 R/Length 94/Prev 436949/Root 526 0 R/Size 557/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The senior soldier present directed his men to run to avoid the confrontation. Before succumbing to this and other wounds, he killed two FBI agents and wounded five others, three seriously. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Police use of deadly force in the United States, applied his police car's push bumper to the rear of the suspect's vehicle, "Use of Deadly Force by Law Enforcement Officers", The Use of Lethal Force by Police in the USA: Mortality Metrics of Race and Disintegration (2015-2019), "A Typology of Civilians Shot and Killed by US Police: a Latent Class Analysis of Firearm Legal Intervention Homicide in the 20142015 National Violent Death Reporting System", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadly_force&oldid=1131542256, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2017, Articles needing expert attention from June 2018, Law Enforcement articles needing expert attention, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from June 2018, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 16:31. Intent is also the hardest one to prove. Study 108 - Deadly Force, Use of Force, ROE and LOAC flashcards from Tayisiya Kugle's class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. \text{Prepaid Insurance}&14,250&&2,700&\\ The JCS SROE did not fit JTF-6 operations, and it does not fit current peace-support operations, particularly at the small-unit or individual level.In the revised JCS Standing Rules of Engagement promulgated 15 January 2000, individual self-defense is given slightly greater focus, with the admonition that "commanders have the obligation to ensure that individuals within their respective units understand and are trained on when and how to use force in self-defense." The single exception is Capt. This was altered from the earlier definition that stated "a government may establish" to emphasize the responsibility of the combatant commander and (in theory) to eliminate the Vietnam-era perception that all ROEs come from the National Command Authority. Adams v. St. Lucie County Sheriff's Department, 998 F.2d 923 (11th Cir. \text{Accounts Payable}&&24,930&&26,000\\ In Report to the National Institute of Justice: Use of force by police: Overview of national and local data (pp. a. Sidebar: Consequences of Compliance?Overly restrictive and unsuitable rules of engagement handicap and endanger U.S. forces, especially ground troops on peace-support missions. I first learned of the 'triangle' many moons ago during military force protection training and the model has been unchanged (for me anyway) for several years now. Harris v Coweta County, 406 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. It was authorized by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. \text{Service Fees Earned}&&733,800&&745,800\\ This was the policy followed in Vietnam, with success. (back to article) 7. (e.g. The International Association of Chiefs of Police, has described use of force as the "amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject". The FBI defines this as ability, opportunity, and jeopardy. Official websites use .gov The FY 2024 budget request proposes a total of $11.4 billion in direct budget authority to carry out the FBI's national security, intelligence, criminal law enforcement . Police Officer Jones Shooting Research Paper . endstream endobj 526 0 obj <. The latter threat involves a threat of violence, bodily harm, and/or death. The United States Supreme Court, in the case of Graham v. Connor, (1989) ruled that excessive use of force claims must be evaluated under the "objectively reasonable" standard of the Fourth Amendment. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort, when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed. (5) Apprehension. The Supreme Court has ruled that "all claims that law enforcement officers have used excessive forcedeadly or notin the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other 'seizure' of a free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its 'reasonableness' standard."2This standard is an objective one that, in the context of use of A person with a knife, for instance, who is less than 21 feet away from an officer, can be just as deadly as someone with a firearm. The Constitution of the United States, not the U.N. Charter, applies in domestic operations. The lesson of this sad experience has been lost in preparing ROEs.Figure 1: Sample Rules of Engagement. In assessing the need to use deadly force, the paramount consideration should always be the safety of the Agents and the public." \hline & 1,320,000&1,320,000&1,343,820&1,343,820\\ \hline\hline 2 Times it's Appropriate to Draw your Weapon: 1- If Deadly Force is AUTHORIZED 2- There is a reasonable possibility that the use of Deadly Force may be Required. However, if 10 officers arrive at a scene with only a single suspect, the public may perceive the situation as an excessive use of officer presence within the use of force continuum. Join now and never hit a limit. (4) Special nuclear material. The Kosovo beatings, the fatal shooting at point-blank range of a U.N. peacekeeper in Sierra Leone in May, and the murder of three U.N. workers in West Timor in September are examples of the risks faced by peace-support forces.The problem is attributable to several factors. \text{Accumulated Depreciation - Equipment}&&94,500&&107,000\\ Capability Opportunity Intent. endstream endobj 207 0 obj <>stream 703 0 obj <> endobj . Deadly Force Triangle Asylum Requests Deadly/Non Deadly Force Is Authorized When. $O./ 'z8WG x 0YA@$/7z HeOOT _lN:K"N3"$F/JPrb[}Qd[Sl1x{#bG\NoX3I[ql2 $8xtr p/8pCfq.Knjm{r28?. qAk Y] b 6 0 obj The deadly force triangle is a decision model designed to enhance an officer's ability to respond to a deadly force encounter while remaining within legal and policy parameters. Ironically they created ROEs from service deadly force directives, doctrine for military police, or domestic riot-control doctrineeach of which is more restrictive than U.S. case law for use of force by law enforcement authorities.Many ROEs are based on the level of force continuum (see Figure 1). Most states allow you to use deadly force to protect yourself, and other innocents as well. [2] Early models were depicted in various formats, including graphs, semicircular "gauges", and linear progressions. 2 Opportunity ~=>(dBMW#4x s 9^irtHYe-]b^[hQ)]qg> |C{Exgl.]QR_S5iZ1l}vyzqq8Vomms3/RaKFY ![~hu:B!uY#ybZwXmo mI^]Ou8Y_~1fZ9>H:v8[-b8{IZ:K5&o8%; q:Ac49 rJRM;n@PD"{_/A#kqnNzcK9bK-)%f;#lS^M(F9yp _gkFC$P91Ch=B $UP{AIGG+6+6/qooF.RPv`{3s0}". \hline\text{Cash}&38,250&&38,250&\\ Its use may be justified only under conditions of extreme necessity, when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed. Displaying a sign that said go home Americans Wires protruding from a package Personnel wearing heavy coats during warm days Visible weapons Correct. Captain Frank Theer, U.S. Air Force. \text{Supplies Expense}&-&&7,750&\\ 2005)., which in turn was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Scott v. Harris case discussed above; the extent to which Adams can continue to be relied on is uncertain. Use of force in defense of person; relief from criminal or civil liability. Nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices. Source: These and other ROEs are in CLAMO's "Rules of Engagement Handbook for Judge Advocates" (1 May 2000)The third example in Figure 1 is wrong as a matter of law and common sense. 79-82. This ignores the Navy Special Warfare community and its missions. Practice through realistic simulation offers one of the best ways to prepare officers to handle deadly force decisions. Its use may be justified only under conditions of extreme necessity, when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed. Participants' performances during dynamic training sessions should be evaluated and documented. When deadly force reasonably appears to be necessary to prevent the theft, sabotage, or unauthorized control of a nuclear weapon or nuclear explosive device. The United States Army has represented the gold standard for a ground combat force since at least 1991. The recommendations were accepted, but Navy resistance to acknowledgment of individual self-defense relegated it to the glossary when the JCS Standing Rules of Engagement (JCS SROE) was promulgated on 1 October 1994.2The problem was again highlighted when, on 17 May 1997, Marines supporting the U.S. Border Patrol in guarding the U.S.-Mexico border shot and killed a Mexican-American boy who had fired in their direction. 29 notes, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). Crowd members can erect barricades to impede movement or to prevent the control force from entering an area or a building. For the racehorse, see, The examples and perspective in this article, Robert C. Ankony, "Sociological and Criminological Theory: Brief of Theorists, Theories, and Terms,". FPCON Bravo, Charlie, and Delta - Approval authority is the first O6 in the chain of command. sabotage of an occupied facility by explosives). The Naval Additional Considerations Involving Firearms. A woman who is attacked may reasonably believe that even an unarmed male possesses the power to kill her or to severely injure her. Some states specifically define third parties. \text{Salary Expense}&516,900&&524,400&\\ Toes are pointed forward and the firing-side arm is extended while the supporting arm is bent. Define Cover: Cover can stop a round. Lethal force/Deadly force a force with a high probability of causing death or serious bodily injury. 31 August 2007. The purpose of these models is to clarify, both for law enforcement officers and civilians, the complex subject of use of force. Force is more likely to be employed if suspect is disrespectful, intoxicated, and/or wielding a weapon. August 27, 2003 (N09N) USE OF DEADLY FORCE AND THE CARRYING OF FIREARMS BY PERSONNEL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY IN CONJUNCTION WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT, SECURITY DUTIES AND PERSONAL PROTECTION Purpose. They are often central parts of law enforcement agencies' use of force policies. [20], Studies examining gender influences on the use of force are still inconclusive. endstream endobj 202 0 obj <> endobj 203 0 obj <> endobj 204 0 obj <>stream (back to article) 6. A senior official in the Carter administration sought to require the forces executing the ill-fated April 1980 Iranian rescue mission to shoot to wound. They all have opportunity and capability but they lack intent. The investigating officer asked me to determine whether the Marine who fired the fatal shot complied with Joint Task Force Six (JTF-6) rules of engagement. The JCS SROE provides no answer. \textbf{Trial Balance}\\ (back to article) 2. \text{Taxes Expense}&8,175&&8,175&\\ [4], While the specific progression of force varies considerably (especially the wide gap between empty hand control and deadly force) among different agencies and jurisdictions, one example of a general use of force continuum model cited in a U.S. government publication on use of force is shown below. [1] Generally, each different agency will have their own use of force policy. Definition. Serious bodily injury includes unconsciousness, protracted or obvious physical disfigurement, or protracted loss of or impairment to the function of a bodily member, organ, or the mental faculty. Michael S. Reilly, USN, "The Rules of Engagement for the Conduct of Special Operations" (thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996). Flying Wedge. The current JCS SROEor, if necessary, a new JCS document prepared by designated Navy Special Warfare and Army and Marine Corps infantry representativesshould begin with a similar premise.U.S. This shows the fallacy of "shoot to wound. You've read 1 out of 5 free articles of Proceedings this month. %%EOF In some ways, it is similar to the U.S. military's escalation of force (EOF). It was to be and should only be used as a training aid, not as a basis for ROEs. The Navy origins of the JCS SROE resulted in opposition to individual self-defense on the theory that the Navy fights as units only. \text{Rent Expense}&54,000&&54,000&\\ All law enforcement and security personnel who are armed must have received proper screening and authorization from an applicable arming authority to carry a government-issued firearm or a. The U.S. Marine Corps had the Commandant's Red Team, iii the U.S. Army had the University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies . Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. All three factors must be present to justify deadly force. (a) A person is justified in using force, except deadly force, against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that the conduct is necessary to defend himself or herself or another against the other's imminent use of unlawful force. Marty Theer. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), CHAPTER X - DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (GENERAL PROVISIONS), PART 1047 - LIMITED ARREST AUTHORITY AND USE OF FORCE BY PROTECTIVE FORCE OFFICERS. Force that a person uses causing, or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing, death or serious bodily harm. Looking for weaons. Lineup Waiver of Rights. The resultant rules of engagement for the Balkans peace-support operation place the men and women serving there at undue risk while making U.S. forces the butt of jokes. Capability . The shooter employs a "push-pull" grip by pushing with the firing arm and pulling back with the supporting arm. HW{PT?# Nbewa *AllKu]qXU0QdILmv:iL>&*,{^%)?-x}}99`8_xcI1aYRQ~y_Mrb<1 On 6 June 1975, Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) introduced into the Congressional Record the rules of engagement (ROEs) for forces that had operated in the Republic of Vietnam. Another manufacturer lists the same table at $190\$190$190 less 10%10\%10%. Alpert, Geoffrey P., Smith, William C., (1994) How Reasonable is the Reasonable Man. Evidence/Property Custody Receipt. 743 0 obj <>stream In a March incident in Baltimore, a man murdered four people before taking others hostage. 0 During the JCS tank session, the Air Force and Navy announce they wish a part in the operation, now code-named Operation Return Fire.14. Nobody aboard answered radio calls. A colonel stays up for a week straight preparing slides and charts for the briefing.15. Requirements to "shoot to wound" or to "fire no more rounds than necessary" indicate a serious lack of knowledge of the law, close-quarter marksmanship under stress against a hostile moving target, wound ballistics, and the impracticality of round counting in a gunfight. Expert: U.S. Police Training in Use of Deadly Force Woefully Inadequate In U.S. police department budgets, most funding goes to salaries and equipment, and virtually nothing to training. The silhouette numbers illustrate the fact that rapid incapacitation of a threat can be expected only with a high velocity shot to the cranial vault or severance of the spinal column (10). \text{Insurance Expense}&-&&11,550&\\ In the United States, the use of deadly force by sworn law enforcement officers is lawful when the officer reasonably believes the subject poses a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to themselves or others. Various criminal justice agencies have developed different models of the continuum, and there is no universal or standard model. The Deadly Force Triangle: Ability --An attacker must possess the power to kill or inflict crippling injury on the innocent; Opportunity --An attacker must be capable of immediately employing that power in an attack. In some cases, it is necessary for the officer to include a consequence to the verbal direction so that the subject understands what will happen if the subject refuses to comply with the officers direction. On reaching the point where the soldier reported the threat, the special operations team finds his bullet-riddled, badly decomposed body, still clutching a hand mike to his ear, looking as if he were waiting for a response to whatever question he asked. A protective force officer is authorized to use deadly force only when one or more of the following circumstances exists: (1) Self-Defense. The use of deadly force by law enforcement is also lawful when used to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon when the officer believes escape would pose a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to members of the public. Just like civil aircraft, military aircraft have flight recording systems that monitor the. You may use minimum force, including opening fire. Use of Force Model Matrix C. Student Preparation: . The defeat of the Iraqi Army in 1991, and the consummate destruction of the same in 2003 . When escalating, voluntary submission to cuffs is a viable way to prevent the need for empty hand submission techniques which place the officer and the detainee at physical risk. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort, when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed. /Filter /FlateDecode He was awarded a medal for following his ROEs and exercising restraint. Hunters hiking through the hills and people concealed carrying in the cities all have two parts of the deadly force triangle. \text{Automobiles}&360,450&&360,450&\\ "Force protection is a responsibility, not a mission. In addition to frequent and repeated deployments on open-ended missions, overly restrictive ROEs are a key factor in the loss of confidence by company-grade officers and enlisted soldiers and Marines in their senior leaders and in the exodus of good men and women from the military. Non-members can read five free Proceedings articles per month. He calls the corps commander, requesting permission to fire.8. S17551-17558, at 17558. [17], Garner and Maxwell (1996) [18] found that when force was necessary, in 80 percent of the encounters, police opted to use weaponless force such as grabbing or shoving. [1] Justification and affirmative defenses vary by state and may include certain property crimes, specific crimes against children, or the prevention of sexual assaults. The force factor: Measuring and assessing police use of force and suspect resistance. \hline&\textbf{Debit}&\textbf{Credit}&\textbf{Debit}&\textbf{Credit}\\ In current peace-support operations, the threat of prosecution for ROE violation looms large, prompting the view that "if I fire my weaponeven in self-defense and to save my own lifeI'm in trouble.". Non-dominant leg is forward of the dominant leg with a slight forward lean ("nose over toes"). hbbd``b` Force that a person uses causing, or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing, death or serious bodily harm. The Navy origins of the JCS SROE resulted in opposition to individual self-defense on the . In all use of force continuum models, the actions of the subject is classified in order for the officer to quickly determine what level of force is authorized and may be necessary to apprehend or compel compliance from the individual. If compliance is not achieved with any of the above means and the suspect is threatening the lives of the police officers or those around them, lethal force with a service weapon may be warranted, according to both Rivers and Haberfeld.. Haberfeld said the continuum encompasses anywhere between five and seven steps, but it's anything but an exact science for cops in real-world scenarios . . endstream endobj 205 0 obj <>stream 107-26. Further, trainers must understand survival physiology and survival stress management techniques to help officers improve their decisionmaking skills in deadly force situations. The Attack Triangle is closed, and I could use -- which would be level four or level five in that situation. Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum, starting with simple presence through deadly force. Presented with a scenario, identify basic facts and principles about the Concepts and Principles of Use of Force and Deadly Force, with an accuracy rate as determined .

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